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1.
Braz. j. biol ; 81(1): 137-143, Feb. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1153317

ABSTRACT

Abstract The non-native African tuliptree, Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv), is widely distributed in altered Neotropical environments, where hummingbirds are important pollinators. We investigated the assemblage of hummingbirds which fed on its nectar and described their behavior, to understand possible influences of the exotic tree on the territorial behavior in an altered environment in southeastern Brazil. Seven species fed on flower resources, mainly Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788), Amazilia lactea (Lesson, 1832), and Florisuga fusca (Vieillot, 1817). Visiting time was positive correlated with number of flowers accessed, but in most visits, hummingbirds get the nectar by pillage, instead of frontal access. Flower availability varied throughout months; however, we found no evidence of significative correlation between available flowers and number of agonistic encounters. Despite a high number of animal-plant interactions and a strong territorialism of some species observed in African tuliptree foraging site, there may be other plants at local scale influencing the behavioral patterns observed.


Resumo A tulipa africana, Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv), é uma árvore não nativa amplamente distribuída em ambientes Neotropicais alterados, onde os beija-flores são importantes polinizadores. Investigamos a assembleia de beija-flores que se alimentam do néctar e descrevemos seus comportamentos para compreender possíveis influências da árvore exótica sobre o comportamento territorial em um ambiente alterado no sudeste do Brasil. Sete espécies se alimentaram de recursos florais, principalmente Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788), Amazilia lactea (Lesson, 1832) e Florisuga fusca (Vieillot, 1817). O tempo de visita foi correlacionado positivamente com o número de flores acessadas, mas na maioria das visitas os beija-flores obtiveram o néctar pela pilhagem, em vez do acesso frontal. A disponibilidade de flores variou ao longo dos meses; no entanto, não encontramos evidências de correlação significativa entre flores disponíveis e número de encontros agonísticos. Apesar do grande número de interações entre plantas e animais e um forte territorialismo de algumas espécies observadas no local de forrageamento, pode haver outras plantas em escala local influenciando os padrões comportamentais observados.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bignoniaceae , Birds , Brazil , Flowers , Feeding Behavior , Plant Nectar
2.
Braz. j. biol ; 80(4): 798-802, Oct.-Dec. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1142516

ABSTRACT

Abstract Nasal mites are commonly found in hummingbirds (Apodiformes). In most cases, endoparasitic mites were reported to parasitize the respiratory system, particularly the anterior nasal chambers, larynx, trachea, lungs, and the air and conjunctival sacs. However, some mites are only carried by hummingbirds, because flowers serving as a nutrient source for these small mites, such as for Apodiformes, a tropical nectar-feeding in their natural habitat. From August 2012 to May 2014, humminbirds were captured using mist nets, and examined for the presence of nasal mites (identified according to specific keys) in the Pantanal, and Cerrado biomes, from the Mato Grosso state, midwestern Brazil. Overall, 76 Apodiform specimens, from the Trochilidae family were captured, and 20 female nasal mites, identified as being from the Rhinoseius genus, were collected from eight hosts (10.5%), of the following species: Amazilia fimbriata, Amazilia versicolor, Eupetonema macroura, and Thalurania furcata. The Rhinoseius spp. has been reported on, in many ecosystems in the Americas, including Brazil, however, this is the first report on Apodiformes from the Pantanal biome. Phoretic mites are not responsible for direct damage to the population of Apodiformes, as they are not pathogenic. However, they compete for food with hummingbirds and decrease the quantity of food available in the environment. They also affect the reproductive dynamics of plants, feed on pollen, and interfere with the intricacies of the biodiversity where they live.


Resumo Os ácaros nasais são comumente encontrados em beija-flores (Apodiformes). Na maioria dos casos, os ácaros foram relatados como endoparasitas, parasitando o sistema respiratório, particularmente as câmaras nasais anteriores, a laringe, a traqueia, os pulmões e os sacos aéreos e conjuntivais. No entanto, alguns ácaros são transportados apenas por beija-flores, pois flores servem como fonte de nutrientes para esses pequenos ácaros, assim como para Apodiformes tropicais alimentados de néctar em seu habitat natural. De agosto de 2012 a maio de 2014, beija-flores foram capturadas com redes de neblina e examinadas quanto à presença de ácaros nasais (identificados de acordo com chaves específicas) nos biomas Pantanal e Cerrado, no estado do Mato Grosso, Centro-Oeste do Brasil. No total, 76 exemplares Apodiformes da família Trochilidae foram capturados e 20 fêmeas de ácaros nasais, identificados como pertencentes ao gênero Rhinoseius, foram coletados de oito hospedeiros (10,5%), das seguintes espécies: Amazilia fimbriata, Amazilia versicolor, Eupetonema macroura e Thalurania furcata. Rhinoseius spp. foi relatado em muitos ecossistemas nas Américas, incluindo o Brasil, no entanto, este é o primeiro relato em Apodiformes do bioma Pantanal. Os ácaros foréticos não são responsáveis ​​por danos diretos à população de Apodiformes, pois não são patogênicos. No entanto, eles competem por comida com beija-flores e diminuem a quantidade de comida disponível no ambiente. Eles também afetam a dinâmica reprodutiva das plantas, se alimentam de pólen e interferem nas interações da biodiversidade em que vivem.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mites , Birds , Brazil , Ecosystem , Plant Nectar
3.
Con-ciencia (La Paz) ; 8(2): 101-111, 2020. tab.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIBOCS | ID: biblio-1148015

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: la miel, consumida por el hombre desde hace miles de años debido a sus propiedades organolépticas y terapéuticas, es el producto de la unión entre el mundo animal, la abeja (apis melífera), y el vegetal, el néctar de las flores y/o secreciones azucaradas de las plantas o insectos. En general existen diferencias significativas entre las características físico-químicas de las mieles florales y la miel de mielada. OBJETIVO: determinar del porcentaje de miel de flores y miel de mielada comercializadas en supermercados de la ciudad de La Paz. MÉTODOS: Para la diferenciación entre miel de flores y miel de mielada se utilizó el método estandarizado por el Centro de Investigaciones Apícolas ­ CEDIA) y para la determinación de los parámetros fisicoquímicos, los métodos establecidos en la Norma Boliviana (NB 38023). RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 25 muestras de miel comercializadas en supermercados de la ciudad de La Paz, y a través del parámetro cualitativo de diferenciación de miel de flores y miel de mielada, se logró evidenciar que el 88,46% corresponde a mieles de origen floral, el 7,69 % a mieles de mielada y el 0,96 a mieles adulteradas. CONCLUSIONES: los datos obtenidos reflejan la importancia de considerar en el etiquetado el origen del que procede la miel, así mismo recomendar que este parámetro forme parte de los requisitos de la Norma Boliviana de Miel y de esta manera otorgar un mayor valor comercial a la miel de procedencia nacional.


INTRODUCTION: honey, consumed by man for thousands of years due to its organoleptic and therapeutic properties, is the product of the union between the animal world, the bee (Apis melífera), and the plant, the nectar of flowers and / or sugary secretions from plants or insects. In general, there are significant differences between the physicochemical characteristics of floral honeys and honeydew honey. OBJECTIVE: to determine the percentage of flower honey and honeydew honey sold in supermarkets in the City of La Paz. METHODS: for the differentiation between flower honey and honeydew honey, the standardized method by the Beekeeping Research Center - CEDIA) was used and for the determination of the physicochemical parameters, the methods established in the Bolivian Standard (NB 38023). RESULTS: 25 samples of honey sold in supermarkets in the city of La Paz were analyzed, and through the qualitative parameter of differentiation of flower honey and honeydew honey, it was possible to show that 88.46% corresponds to honeys of origin floral, 7.69% to honeydew honeys and 0.96 to adulterated honeys. CONCLUSIONS: the data obtained reflect the importance of considering the origin of the honey in the labeling, as well as recommending that this parameter be part of the requirements of the Bolivian Honey Standard and thus granting a greater commercial value to the honey of national origin.


Subject(s)
Research , Flowers , Beekeeping , Honey , Plants , Bees , Plant Nectar
4.
Braz. j. biol ; 79(2): 165-168, Apr.-June 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-989437

ABSTRACT

Abstract Neotropical nectar-feeding bats consume large amounts of sugar and use most of their energy-rich diet directly from the bloodstream, suggesting an adaptation towards lower body energy reserves. Here we tested the hypothesis that bats Glossophaga soricina spare the energy costs of storing energy reserves, even if this would represent a risky susceptibility during fasting. Blood glucose concentrations in 18 h fasted bats showed a 40% decrease. Breast muscle and adipose tissue lipids, as well as carcass fatty acids and liver glycogen, were also decreased following fasting. The inability to keep normoglycemia following a short-term fasting (i.e. 28 h) confirm that nectar bats invest little on storing energy reserves and show a severe fasting susceptibility associated to this pattern. Our study also support the general hypothesis that evolutionary specializations towards nectar diets involve adaptations to allow a decreased body mass, which reduces the energy costs of flight while increases foraging time.


Resumo Morcegos nectarívoros que ocorrem na região Neotropical consomem grandes quantidades de carboidratos, e usam a energia obtida da dieta diretamente, a partir da glicose na circulação sanguínea. Esta adaptação sugere que morcegos nectarívoros tenham evoluído no sentido de apresentar adaptações fisiológicas que permitam o baixo armazenamento de reservas energéticas corporais. Nós testamos a hipótese de que morcegos Glossophaga soricina poupam o gasto energético envolvido com a formação de reservas energéticas teciduais, mesmo que isso represente uma arriscada suscetibilidade da espécie frente ao jejum. As concentrações de glicose apresentaram uma diminuição de 40% após 18 h de jejum. As concentrações de lipídios do músculo peitoral e do tecido adiposo, bem como as de ácidos graxos da carcaça e glicogênio hepático também diminuíram após 18 h de jejum. A incapacidade de manter a normoglicemia observada após o jejum de curto-prazo confirma que morcegos nectarívoros desta espécie não investem na formação de reservas energéticas, e apresentam, consequentemente, uma severa susceptibilidade ao jejum. Este estudo suporta a hipótese de que adaptações evolucionárias da espécie envolvem diminuição da massa corporal, reduzindo o custo energético do voo e aumentado o tempo de forrageamento.


Subject(s)
Animals , Chiroptera/physiology , Fasting/physiology , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Plant Nectar/metabolism , Blood Glucose/physiology , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Adipose Tissue/chemistry , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry , Feeding Behavior
5.
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science ; (6): 1-8, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-764406

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Erosion is a gradual process that occurs fairly quickly, and the full extent of the erosive effects of acidic beverages is not yet clear. The present study aimed to determine the differences in the erosive potentials among four naturally acidic fruit nectars within the same range of titratable acidity and to determine the influence of the components of organic acids on tooth erosion. METHODS: Diluted fruit nectars (mandarin 1:1.1, orange 1:1.7, lemon 1:15, grapefruit 1:20) with the same range of titratable acidity (7.9 ml) and their corresponding organic acids (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% citric acid, malic acid, and a citric and malic acid mixture [pH 2.8], respectively) were used. Specimens were placed in conical tubes with 50 ml of each of the test solutions for 1 hour. A microhardness test and scanning electron microscopy were used to measure enamel erosion. Acid separation was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography to analyze the composition of each test solution. RESULTS: Similar decreases in the Vickers hardness number (VHN) were observed among the groups treated with the following diluted fruit nectars: diluted mandarin nectar (75.9 ΔVHN), diluted lemon nectar (89.1 ΔVHN), diluted grapefruit nectar (91.7 ΔVHN), and diluted orange nectar (92.5 ΔVHN). No statistically significant differences were found in the enamel surface hardness after erosion (p>0.05). Citric and malic acids were the major organic acids in the test fruits. The lemon and orange groups had the highest malic acid concentrations, and the mandarin group had the lowest malic acid concentration. CONCLUSION: The titratable acidity and the citric and malic acid contents of the fruits could be crucial factors responsible for enamel erosion. Therefore, fruit-based drinks should be regarded as potentially erosive.


Subject(s)
Beverages , Chromatography, Liquid , Citric Acid , Citrus paradisi , Citrus sinensis , Dental Enamel , Fruit , Hardness , In Vitro Techniques , Microscopy , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Plant Nectar , Tooth Erosion
6.
Acta amaz ; 48(2): 146-150, Apr.-June 2018. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1455355

ABSTRACT

Informo sobre el comportamiento de robo de néctar del colibrí pico cuña, Schistes geoffroyi (Trochilidae) en la flor campanulada neotropical, Centropogon granulosus (Campanulaceae). Muchas especies de Centropogon se caracterizan por tener una flor tubular curvada de distintas formas y probablemente especializadas para ser polinizadas por los colibríes de pico curvo (Eutoxeres), como es evidente a partir de la curvatura tanto de la flor como del pico. Debido a la exclusividad de este mutualismo, el robo de néctar ha sido ocasionalmente documentado en Centropogon. Aquí amplío el estudio de robo de néctar de Centropogon incluyendo a Schistes geoffroyi. Esta expansión puede ser un indicador de la alta especialización entre el mutualismo de Centropogon y el colibrí de pico curvo, siendo esta más susceptible al robo de néctar de lo que pensaba previamente. Esto genera preguntas acerca de la evolución de la especialización y parasitismo en este grupo tropical, tanto de las campanuladas como de los colibríes.


I report on nectar robbing behavior of the wedge-billed hummingbird, Schistes geoffroyi (Trochilidae) on the Andean bellflower, Centropogon granulosus (Campanulaceae). Many species of Centropogon are characterized by an abruptly curved corolla tube which is likely specialized for pollination by sicklebill hummingbirds (Eutoxeres), as evident from the matching curvature of flower and bill. Nectar robbing has been documented for some Centropogon spp., but not for sicklebill pollinated C. granulosus. Given recent developments and interest in the Centropogon-sicklebill mutualism, it is pertinent to document any natural history observations that may underlie the ecology and evolution of this pollination system. The establishment of wedge-billed hummingbird as a nectar robber of C. granulosus calls for a new assessment of the ecology and evolution of the highly specialized Centropogon-sicklebill mutualism.


Subject(s)
Animals , Birds , Campanulaceae , Pollination , Flowers , Plant Nectar
7.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 66(4): 261-271, dic. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-838452

ABSTRACT

El Agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz), es una baya que posee alta capacidad antioxidante debido a su contenido de compuestos polifenólicos como antocianinas, ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición proximal inicial y el efecto en las características fisicoquímicas (pH, °Brix, acidez titulable (AT)), actividad antioxidante y antiproliferativa de néctares elaborados a partir de agraz liofilizado, almacenados du- rante 42 días. Se prepararon dos néctares: NA (sacarosa) y NB (aspartame), se evaluó cambio en pH, °Brix y AT cada7días durante el almacenamiento. Se determinó contenido de fenoles y antocianinas totales mediante Folin-Ciocalteau y método diferencial de pH, respectivamente, actividad antioxidante mediante FRAP y ORAC. Se analizó la actividad antiproliferativa con sulforodamina B en células SW480 (adenocarcinoma de colon). Los resultados mostraron que ambos néctares presentaron estabilidad en °Brix, pH yAT y el NB presentó menor aporte calórico. El contenido de fenoles totales aumentó durante el almacenamiento. El contenido de antocianinas y capacidad antioxidante se redujo significativamente (p<0,05). NA presentó mejor actividad antiproliferativa a las 72h, con un porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento celular a una concentración de 1g/mL de 63,50% (IC50=0,6g/mL). Se puede concluir que NA presentó mayor capacidad antiproliferativa y NB mejor actividad antioxidante, que aunque disminuyó significativamente durante el almacenamiento, continuó siendo alta comparada con estudios reportados en la literatura. Para productos realizados a partir de bayas del género Vaccinium. Se requieren estudios adicionales “in vivo” que permitan comprobar su eficacia quimiopreventiva y dilucidar mecanismos moleculares de acción para beneficio de la salud humana, demostrando su potencial funcional descrito hasta ahora “in vitro”(AU)


Effect of storage time on the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and antiproliferative nectar of unripe (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz). Agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) is a berry that has high antioxidant capacity due to its content of polyphenolic compounds as anthocyanins, phenolic acids and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial proximal composition and the effect on the physicochemical characteristics (pH, ° Brix, titratable and acidity (TA), antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of nectars made from unripe lyophilized and stored for 42 days. Two nectars were prepared: NA (sucrose) and NB (aspartame), was evaluated change in pH, °Brix and AT every 7 days during storage. It was determined and total phenols content by Folin-Ciocalteu anthocyanins and pH differential method, respectively, antioxidant activity by FRAP and ORAC. Antiproliferative activity with sulforhodamine B in SW480 cells (colon adenocarcinoma) were analyzed. The results showed that both were stable nectars ° Brix, pH and changes in AT. The NB has lower calories. The content of total phenols increased during storage. The anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity was significantly reduced (p <0.05). NA presented better antiproliferative activity at 72 h, with a percentage of inhibition of cell growth at a concentration of 1g / ml of 63.50% (IC50 = 0.6 g/mL). It can be concluded that NA had a higher antiproliferative capacity and NB better antioxidant activity than even decreased significantly during storage, remained high com- pared to studies reported in the literature. Further studies "in vivo" to verify their chemopreventive efficacy and elu- cidate molecular mechanisms of action for the benefit of human health, showing their functional potential described so far "in vitro" are required(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Vaccinium , Plant Nectar/analysis , Polyphenols , Antioxidants , Food Storage , Diet, Food, and Nutrition , Nutritive Value
8.
Acta amaz ; 46(2): 127-132, abr.-jun. 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1455300

ABSTRACT

Nodal glands are found in one third of the Polygalaceae genera and have valuable taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary significance. In Brazil, they occur in five of the eleven genera already registered. However, there is still a controversy regarding the origin of these structures. The objective of this study was to characterize the morphology and the origin of nodal glands inCaamembeca spectabilis, in order to increase the structural and functional knowledge of these glands in the genera. Samples of nodal regions were collected, fixed and processed according to the methods of light microscopy and electron scanning. Ants were observed and identified along the stem axis. The glucose in exudate allows us to classify these glands as extrafloral nectaries. They are located in pairs on the nodal region. However, its origin is in the leaf trace. In the longitudinal section, the nectaries were present in the apex of cells with anticlinal walls impregnated with suberin, which represents the first record for the family. In this region there is also the formation of a hole by lysis. The secretory tissue is surrounded by phloem. Xylem vessels were observed only on the basis of the nectary, where there are also idioblasts with crystals in druse type. We have studied the ontogeny of the glands nodal in Caamembeca spectabilis and unveiled that these glands are linked to the leaves as stipular nectaries. In addition, the new findings presented here may add support for the understanding of morphology and anatomy of nodal glands in Caamembeca.


Glândulas nodais são encontradas em um terço dos gêneros de Polygalaceae e possuem grande importância taxonômica, ecológica e evolutiva. No Brasil, ocorrem em cinco, dos onze gêneros já registrados. Contudo, ainda há controvérsias quanto à origem dessas estruturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a morfologia e a origem das glândulas nodais em Caamembeca spectabilis, visando ampliar o conhecimento estrutural e funcional dessas glândulas no gênero. Amostras das regiões nodais foram coletadas, fixadas e processadas segundo os métodos em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura. Formigas foram observadas e identificadas ao longo do eixo caulinar. A glicose no exsudato permite tratar as glândulas como nectários extraflorais. Esses estão localizados aos pares na região nodal. Porém, sua origem ocorre no traço foliar. Os nectários, em secção longitudinal, apresentam as células do ápice com paredes anticlinais impregnadas com suberina, sendo este o primeiro registro para a família. Nessa região também ocorre a formação de um orifício por lise. O tecido secretor do nectário é circundado pelo floema. Vasos de xilema foram observados apenas na base do nectário, onde também ocorrem idioblastos com cristais do tipo drusas. Dessa forma, este estudo confirma a trajetória ontogenética das glândulas nodais em C. spectabilis, as quais, de fato, estão ligadas às folhas, como nectários estipulares. Além de apresentar dados inéditos que auxiliam a compreensão morfológica e anatômica das mesmas em Caamembeca.


Subject(s)
Plant Structures/anatomy & histology , Plant Nectar , Polygalaceae , Ants , Microscopy, Confocal
9.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 32(3): 730-739, may/june 2016. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-965515

ABSTRACT

Although there is a large diversity of plant species with extrafloral nectaries, histological detail of these glands is poorly documented in tropical rain forest species. We characterized extrafloral nectaries using digital photographs, scanning electron microscopy and histological methods for eight plant species belonging to the Costaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae and Salicaceae. To our knowledge, there are no previous reports on the structure of extrafloral nectaries for these species. Croton species exhibited reddish extrafloral nectaries on the petioles, surrounded by starshaped trichomes. Cnidoscolus multilobus and Omphalea oleifera showed green, elevated, extrafloral nectaries at the peduncle; C. multilobus showed abundant secretory tissue; O. oleifera revealed numerous cells with calcium oxalate crystals. Heliocarpus species showed extrafloral nectaries distributed at the base of the blade and possesses glands in the center of the extrafloral nectary surrounded by a series of parenchymatic cells. Pleuranthodendron lindenii has two extrafloral nectaries at the base of the leaves. Costus scaber has a hollow-type extrafloral nectary on the red-colored bracts of the inflorescence; nectar cavity is found in the center area of each bracts located on a yellow line. The extrafloral nectaries described in this study exhibited different morphologies and histological structures involved in the secretion of extrafloral nectar that could be related to biotic defenses, primarily by attracting ants.


Embora exista uma grande diversidade de espécies de plantas com nectários extraflorais, detalhes histológicos destas glândulas ainda é pouco documentado para espécies tropicais. Nós caracterizamos nectários extraflorais usando fotografias digitais, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e métodos histológicos para oito espécies de plantas das famílias Costaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae e Salicaceae. Para nosso conhecimento, não há relatos anteriores sobre a estrutura dos nectários extraflorais para as espécies estudadas. Espécies de Croton exibiram nectários extraflorais avermelhadas nos pecíolos, rodeados por tricomas em forma de estrela. Cnidoscolus multilobus e Omphalea oleifera apresentaram nectários extraflorais verdes e elevados nos pedúnculos; C. multilobus apresenta tecido secretor abundante enquanto que O. oleifera apresentou numerosas células com cristais de oxalato de cálcio. Espécies de Heliocarpus apresentaram nectários extraflorais distribuídos na base da lâmina e possuíam glândulas no centro do nectário rodeadas por uma série de células de parênquima. Pleuranthodendron lindenii apresentou dois nectários extraflorais na base das folhas. Costus scaber apresenta um nectário extrafloral do tipo oco nas brácteas avermelhadas da inflorescência, e a cavidade do nectário se encontra na área central de cada bráctea localizados em uma linha amarela. Os nectários extraflorais descritos neste estudo apresentaram morfologia e estruturas histológicas diferentes envolvidas na secreção de néctar extrafloral que poderia estar relacionado com defesas bióticas, principalmente atraindo formigas.


Subject(s)
Trees , Euphorbiaceae , Malvaceae , Salicaceae , Rainforest , Plant Nectar
10.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz (Online) ; 75: 1-10, 2016. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-ACVSES, SESSP-IALPROD, SES-SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: biblio-982788

ABSTRACT

Este estudo avaliou a capacidade antioxidante e os indicadores físico-químicos de néctares caseirosde laranja, manga e maracujá, mantidos sob refrigeração (5 ± 2 oC) por 24 horas. Os néctaresforam preparados em laboratório e mantidos sob refrigeração, simulando as condições domésticas.As análises foram realizadas após o preparo (T0) e durante o acondicionamento sob refrigeração(1 h, 4 h e 24 h). Os sólidos solúveis, pH e cor foram determinados respectivamente por refratometria,potenciometria e colorimetria. Carotenoides e ácido ascórbico foram analisados por cromatografialíquida de alta eficiência; a concentração de compostos fenólicos foi determinada utilizando-seo reagente de Folin Ciocalteau e a atividade antioxidante pelo teste do DPPH. Ácido ascórbico,β-caroteno e compostos fenólicos foram identificados em todos os néctares. Foram encontradosα-caroteno e β-criptoxantina no néctar de laranja e licopeno no néctar de manga. Durante 24 horasde refrigeração, os compostos analisados e a atividade antioxidante mantiveram-se estáveis. De formageral, os parâmetros físico-químicos também se mantiveram estáveis durante o período avaliado.Em conclusão, sob as condições utilizadas no presente estudo, os néctares não apresentaramalteração da capacidade antioxidante, podendo ser considerados fontes de carotenoides e vitamina C,mesmo se consumidos após 24 horas de preparo.


The objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and the physical-chemicalindicators of homemade nectars of orange, mango and passion fruit, kept under refrigeration(5 ± 2 °C) for 24 hours. The nectars were prepared in laboratory and kept under refrigerationsimulating the domestic conditions. The samples analyses were performed after their preparations(T0) and during the refrigerated storage (1 h, 4 h and 24 h). Soluble solids, pH and color weredetermined by refractometry, colorimetry and potentiometry, respectively. Carotenoids andascorbic acid were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, the concentrationof phenolic compounds were determined by using Folin Ciocalteau reagent, and the antioxidantactivity by the DPPH test. Ascorbic acid, β-carotene and phenolic compounds were identified inall of the analyzed nectars samples. The α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were found in orangenectar and the lycopene in mango nectar samples. During the refrigeration for 24 hours,the analyzed compounds and the antioxidant activity remained stable. In general, thephysical-chemicals parameters also remained stable during the storage for 24 hours. In conclusion,under the conditions used in this study, the nectars might be considered as antioxidant sources,even if consumed after being prepared 24 hours before.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antioxidants , Ascorbic Acid , Carotenoids , Citrus sinensis , Fruit , Mangifera , Passiflora , Phenolic Compounds , Chemical Phenomena , Plant Nectar
11.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz ; 75: 01-10, 2016. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1489550

ABSTRACT

Este estudo avaliou a capacidade antioxidante e os indicadores físico-químicos de néctares caseiros de laranja, manga e maracujá, mantidos sob refrigeração (5 ± 2 o C) por 24 horas. Os néctares foram preparados em laboratório e mantidos sob refrigeração, simulando as condições domésticas. As análises foram realizadas após o preparo (T0) e durante o acondicionamento sob refrigeração (1 h, 4 h e 24 h). Os sólidos solúveis, pH e cor foram determinados respectivamente por refratometria, potenciometria e colorimetria. Carotenoides e ácido ascórbico foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência; a concentração de compostos fenólicos foi determinada utilizando-se o reagente de Folin Ciocalteau e a atividade antioxidante pelo teste do DPPH. Ácido ascórbico, β-caroteno e compostos fenólicos foram identificados em todos os néctares. Foram encontrados α-caroteno e β-criptoxantina no néctar de laranja e licopeno no néctar de manga. Durante 24 horas de refrigeração, os compostos analisados e a atividade antioxidante mantiveram-se estáveis. De forma geral, os parâmetros físico-químicos também se mantiveram estáveis durante o período avaliado. Em conclusão, sob as condições utilizadas no presente estudo, os néctares não apresentaram alteração da capacidade antioxidante, podendo ser considerados fontes de carotenoides e vitamina C, mesmo se consumidos após 24 horas de preparo.


The objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and the physical-chemical indicators of homemade nectars of orange, mango and passion fruit, kept under refrigeration (5 ± 2 °C) for 24 hours. The nectars were prepared in laboratory and kept under refrigeration simulating the domestic conditions. The samples analyses were performed after their preparations (T0) and during the refrigerated storage (1 h, 4 h and 24 h). Soluble solids, pH and color were determined by refractometry, colorimetry and potentiometry, respectively. Carotenoids and ascorbic acid were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, the concentration of phenolic compounds were determined by using Folin Ciocalteau reagent, and the antioxidant activity by the DPPH test. Ascorbic acid, β-carotene and phenolic compounds were identified in all of the analyzed nectars samples. The α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were found in orange nectar and the lycopene in mango nectar samples. During the refrigeration for 24 hours, the analyzed compounds and the antioxidant activity remained stable. In general, the physical-chemicals parameters also remained stable during the storage for 24 hours. In conclusion, under the conditions used in this study, the nectars might be considered as antioxidant sources, even if consumed after being prepared 24 hours before.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Citrus sinensis/chemistry , Mangifera/chemistry , Plant Nectar/analysis , Plant Nectar/chemistry , Passiflora/chemistry , Cooled Foods , Carotenoids , Phenolic Compounds , Ascorbic Acid
13.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 41(3): 312-318, set. 2014. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-728340

ABSTRACT

The sugar mango is a small Colombian cultivar with low fiber content, good aroma and flavor. This research evaluated antioxidant capacity (FRAP, DPPH) of the fruit at different ripening stages classified by visual inspection and CIELab scale. Nutritional and sensory characteristics and ORAC value were measured in the ripe fruit. Sensorial characteristics of two mango nectars sweetened with sucrose and sucralose using ripe fruit were determined by affective acceptance test and Hedonic scale. Results showed that classification by visual inspection coincided with the CIELab scale for all ripening stages. The green mango has 45% more flavonoids than the mature one. The carotenoid content, DPPH and FRAP values were similar in the different ripening stages. Sucralose sweetened nectar was accepted by 94.9% compared with that sweetened with sucrose (89.1%). Results indicate that mango sugar fruit and nectar present antioxidant capacity, bioactive and nutritional compounds with potential health benefits.


El mango de azúcar es una variedad colombiana pequeña, de escasa fibra, buen aroma y sabor. Esta investigación evaluó la capacidad antioxidante del fruto en diferentes estados de maduración por FRAP y DPPH clasificados por inspección visual y escala CIELab. Las características nutricionales y el valor ORAC se determinaron en el mango maduro. Las características sensoriales de dos formulaciones (sacarosa y sucralosa) con mango maduro se determinaron por prueba afectiva de aceptación y escala Hedónica. Resultados: la clasificación por inspección visual coincidió con la escala CIELab. El mango verde tiene 45% más flavonoides que el maduro. El contenido de carotenoides, valores DPPH y FRAP fueron similares en los diferentes estados de maduración. El 94% de los panelistas aceptaron el néctar con sucralosa comparado con el endulzado con sacarosa (89,1%). Los resultados indican que el mango de azúcar y un producto tipo néctar poseen capacidad antioxidante, compuestos bioactivos y nutricionales beneficiosos para la salud.


Subject(s)
Mangifera , Taste Perception , Plant Nectar , Antioxidants , Food Analysis
14.
Braz. j. biol ; 74(3): 659-676, 8/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-723887

ABSTRACT

The hummingbird-visited plant community located on the open-habitat mountaintop of the Espinhaço Range was studied for two years (from August 2007 to July 2009) in Serra do Cipó National Park, Southeastern Brazil (19° 15′ S and 43° 31′ W). The floral characteristics and flowering period of the hummingbird-visited plants was monthly recorded along trails located in three vegetation types: (1) typical campos rupestres (TCR), (2) open fields (OPF), and (3) capões de mata (CAM). Hummingbird visitation was observed in 51 plant species, 22 ornithophilous and 29 non-ornithophilous species. The TCR showed the greatest number of species visited (N = 38), followed by the OPF (N = 18) and CAM (N = 17). Six species of hummingbirds were recorded visiting flowers: Augastes scutatus, Campylopterus largipennis, Colibri serrirostris, Chlorostilbon lucidus, Eupetomena macroura and Phaethornis pretrei. This study demonstrates that the species richness and the number of ornithophilous species visited by the hummingbirds at the study site are more similar to hummingbird-plant communities of the Atlantic Forest than to those of the Cerrado communities and other Brazilian highland open-habitat communities. The plant families most visited by hummingbirds were Bromeliaceae and Asteraceae. Although the Asteraceae family is rarely used as a food resource for hummingbirds in other high and lowland communities, in the study site this family is used mainly by the endemic hummingbird Augastes scutatus. We found a large overlap of flowering throughout the year among the species visited by the hummingbirds. Thus, the nectar availability supports these resident hummingbirds. The present study also showed that the studied hummingbird-plant community is composed of many species endemic to the campos rupestres of the Espinhaço Range, some of which are considered to be in danger of extinction, thus constituting a unique and threatened community. Thus, understanding hummingbird-plant pollination dynamics becomes fundamental to the conservation of the campos rupestres.


A comunidade de flores visitadas por beija-flores em habitats abertos de montanhas da Serra do Espinhaço, sudeste do Brasil foi estudada por dois anos (de agosto de 2007 a julho de 2009) no Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó (19° 15′ S e 43° 31′ W). As características florais e o período de floração das plantas visitadas foram registradas mensalmente ao longo de trilhas localizadas em três tipos vegetacionais: (1) campos rupestres típicos (TCR), (2) campos abertos (OPF), e (3) capões de mata (CAM). Foram observadas visitas de beija-flores a 51 espécies de plantas: 22 ornitófilas e 29 não-ornitófilas. O TCR apresentou o maior número de espécies visitadas (N = 38), seguido pelo OPF (N = 18) e CAM (N = 17). Seis espécies de beija-flores foram observadas visitando as flores: Augastes scutatus, Campylopterus largipennis, Colibri serrirostris, Chlorostilbon lucidus, Eupetomena macroura e Phaethornis pretrei. A riqueza de espécies e o número de espécies ornitófilas visitadas pelos beija-flores, neste estudo, foi mais similar à comunidades de plantas visitadas por beija-flores na Floresta Atlântica, que as comunidades do Cerrado, bem como de outras comunidades de ambientes abertos do Brasil. As famílias com maior número de plantas visitadas pelos beija-flores foram Bromeliaceae e Asteraceae. Apesar da família Asteraceae, raramente ser utilizada como fonte alimentar pelos beija-flores em outras comunidades, nas áreas amostradas neste estudo esta família foi utilizada, principalmente, pelo beija-flor endêmico A. scutatus. Nós registramos grande sobreposição de floração ao longo do ano entre as espécies visitadas pelos beija-flores. Portanto, a disponibilidade de néctar mantem os beija-flores residentes. Este estudo, demonstrou também, que a comunidade de plantas visitadas pelos beija-flores nesta área é composta por muitas espécies endêmicas dos campos rupestres da Serra do Espinhaço, algumas das quais consideradas em perigo de extinção, constituindo assim uma comunidade única e ameaçada. Portanto, o entendimento da dinâmica de polinização desta comunidade é fundamental para a conservação dos campos rupestres.


Subject(s)
Animals , Birds/physiology , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Flowers/classification , Brazil , Birds/classification , Plant Nectar , Population Density , Seasons
15.
Braz. j. biol ; 74(2): 311-314, 5/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-719233

ABSTRACT

In this study we tested for density-dependent relationships between visitation rates of the Scale-throated Hermit (Phaethornis eurynome) and the plant density and flower number of the bromeliad Vriesea incurvata, by comparing plots with varying densities of this bromeliad. Eight 100 m2 plots were established at least 200 m from each other; four plots contained 10-15 individuals of V. incurvata each, whereas the other four contained 4-5 individuals each. The visitors, number of visits, behaviour (nectar thief or potential pollinator) and the height of foraging were recorded during focal observations on the plants. The number of visits of P. eurynome varied according to the local density of V. incurvata, showing that the heterogeneous distribution of this bromeliad species may promote adjustments in the pollinator populations, through resource variation at a local scale.


Neste estudo foram testadas as relações entre taxas de visitação de Phaethornis eurynome e a densidade e o número de flores de Vriesea incurvata, comparando-se parcelas com diferentes densidades desta bromélia. Oito parcelas de 100 m2 foram estabelecidas a pelo menos 200 m uma da outra; quatro parcelas continham de 10 a 15 indivíduos de V. incurvata cada, enquanto as outras quatro continham de 4 a 5 indivíduos cada. Os visitantes, o número de visitas, o comportamento (pilhador ou potencial polinizador) e altura de forrageamento foram registrados em observações focais das plantas. O número de visitas por P. eurynome variou conforme a densidade de V. incurvata na área, demonstrando que a distribuição heterogênea desta bromélia pode promover ajustes populacionais por parte dos polinizadores, através da variação da oferta de recursos em uma escala local.


Subject(s)
Animals , Birds/physiology , Bromeliaceae/growth & development , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Pollination , Birds/classification , Bromeliaceae/classification , Flowers , Plant Nectar , Population Density , Seasons
16.
Braz. j. biol ; 73(4): 737-741, 1jan. 2013. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468139

ABSTRACT

Birds play crucial role on the pollination of many plants. However, little is known about the interactions between nectarivorous neotropical birds and exotic Angiosperms. S. nilotica is an exotic African plant widely used in Brazilian urban landscaping. However, it has been poorly studied in relation to its interactions with Neotropical birds. In this way, we studied the feeding nectar strategies and the interspecific antagonistic behaviours among nectarivorous Neotropical birds to verify the bird contributions to the S. nilotica pollination. The study was conducted from May 2008 to April 2011, but only in months of S. nilotica flowering (April to May). From 148 hours of sampling we identified 16 species feeding nectar on S. nilotica: 13 hummingbirds (Trochilidae), Aratinga aurea (Psittacidae), Tangara palmarum (Thraupidae) and Coereba flaveola (Coerebidae). Eupetomena macroura was the most frequent (96.88%), followed by Chlorostilbon lucidus (78.13%) and Coereba flaveola (59.38%). Most birds obtained nectar by punching at the base of the corolla, except for A. aurea that obtained the nectar by the upper opening of the petals in 100% of its visits, Heliomaster furcifer (95.65%), F. fusca (95%) and A. nigricollis (70.27%). Despite E. macroura also obtains nectar only by punching at the base of the corolla, it showed the highest level of legitimate visits. Antagonistic events were more frequent in E. macroura (58.65%), Florisuga fusca (11.04%) and Amazilia fimbriata (10.87%), being E. macroura dominant in all events. These results showed E. macroura plays an important role on this plant being the most important bird as a potential pollinator. Moreover, other birds contribute partially to the S. nilotica pollination. Most probably it is a result of recent Neotropical bird interactions with this African plant.


As aves representam um grupo ecologicamente importante nas interações animais-flores na região Neotropical, onde desempenham respeitável papel na polinização de diversas angiospermas. Entretanto, pouco se conhece sobre a organização das comunidades e as interações bióticas entre animais/plantas em ambientes urbanos. Como exemplo, S. nilotica, planta exótica africana amplamente explorada para fins de paisagismo urbano, têm sido pouco estudada em relação às suas interações com aves. Assim, analisamos quais espécies de aves visitam S. nilotica, o tipo de exploração dos recursos nectarívoros pelas aves e o comportamento antagonístico intra e interespecífico das aves que visitaram esta planta. O estudo foi realizado de maio de 2008 a abril de 2011, nos meses de florescimento de S. nilotica (abril a maio). Foram totalizadas 148 horas de amostragem e identificadas 16 espécies se alimentando de néctar, 13 beija-flores (Trochilidae), Aratinga aurea (Psittacidae), Tangara palmarum (Thraupidae) e Coereba flaveola (Coerebidae). As aves mais frequentes foram Eupetomena macroura (96,88%), Chlorostilbon lucidus (78,13%) e Coereba flaveola (59,38%). A frequência de visitas foi maior no período matutino, exceto para E. macroura, H. longirostris e T. palmarum. A maioria das aves obteve o néctar através de rompimento na base da corola (orifícios), com exceção de A. aurea que obteve néctar pela abertura superior entre as pétalas em 100% de suas visitas e H. furcifer (95,65%), F. fusca (95%) e A. nigricollis (70,27%). Eventos antagonísticos foram mais acentuados em E. macroura (58,65%), Florisuga fusca (11,04%) e Amazilia fimbriata (10,87%), sendo E. macroura dominante durante os eventos. Os resultados demonstram que E. macroura é a ave dominante em S. nilotica e a que se apresenta com maior potencial para sua polinização. Entretanto, as outras aves contribuem parcialmente como potenciais polinizadoras de S. nilotica. Muito provavelmente isto é resultado de uma interação recente entre as aves neotropicais e esta planta Africana.


Subject(s)
Animals , Birds , Bignoniaceae , Plant Nectar , Pollination , Urban Area
17.
Bol. Centro Pesqui. Process. Aliment ; 31(01): 125-138, jan. 2013.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-986289

ABSTRACT

O presente estudo objetivou desenvolver néctares de cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC.), caracterizá-los quanto aos parâmetros microbiológicos, sensoriais e químicos e verificar a estabilidade do produto durante o armazenamento. Quatro formulações de néctar contendo 20, 30, 40 e 50% de polpa foram desenvolvidas e avaliadas microbiológica (coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bolores, leveduras e Salmonela spp) e sensorialmente (teste de aceitação). A formulação mais aceita foi avaliada quanto ao conteúdo de sólidos solúveis (SS), pH, acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT, umidade, proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos, fibra alimentar total (FAT), cinzas, carotenoides e ácido ascórbico (AA), verificando-se a estabilidade do produto armazenado sob congelamento (-18ºC/90 dias) e refrigeração (5ºC/72 horas). Não foi observada a presença dos micro-organismos pesquisados nas quatro formulações desenvolvidas. As formulações com 40 e 50% de polpa apresentaram maior aceitação para os atributos cor, sabor e impressão global. O néctar contendo 50% de polpa apresentou SS de 11,43 ºBrix, pH de 3,59 e relação SS/AT de 19,37. Verificou-se (em 100 g) AT de 0,59 g de ácido cítrico; 85,75 g de umidade; 0,29 g de proteínas; 0,27 g de lipídios; 12,93 g de carboidratos; 0,68 g de FAT; 0,08 g de cinzas; 55,31 kcal; 0,25 mg de carotenoides e 19,6 mg de AA. Durante o armazenamento não foram observadas alterações estatisticamente significativas nos valores de SS, AT, pH, carotenoides e AA. O néctar de cagaita atendeu as características químicas e os padrões microbiológicos estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, alcançou boa aceitação dos consumidores e apresentou excelente estabilidade durante o armazenamento.


Subject(s)
Microbiological Techniques , Grassland , Food Storage , Plant Nectar/analysis , Food Analysis , Food Microbiology , Fruit
18.
Biol. Res ; 46(2): 177-182, 2013. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-683995

ABSTRACT

Quillaja saponaria Mol. (Quillajaceae) is one of the most important melliferous species in Chile, mainly as a source of monofloral honey. Honey made by A. mellifera presents biological activity against pathogens and antioxidant capacity associated with the presence of phenolic compounds deriving from the nectar, as a result of bee honey foraging. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds from the floral nectar of Q. saponaria and the honey made in apiaries in the central zone, and compare the composition of the chromatographic profiles of nectar and honey to known phenolic compounds. The results obtained by HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection) showed a similar profile of phenolic compounds, in which gallic acid, myricetin, rutin, quercetin and naringenin were identified. The phenolic compounds detected could be used as a reference for future studies for determining potential chemical markers of this honey, complementing the present identification of honeys by determining their botanical origin. The identification of bioindicators of the floral origins for honey of this species could provide added value to honey commercialization by certifying the botanical origin of their chemical features and biological attributes.


Subject(s)
Honey/analysis , Phenols/analysis , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Nectar/chemistry , Quillaja/chemistry , Antioxidants , Biological Factors , Biomarkers/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Gallic Acid/chemistry
19.
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine ; : 220-225, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-72476

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of age, gender and bolus consistency in normal populations using the temporal measurement of Pharyngeal Transit Duration (PTD), which reflects the duration of bolus flow from the ramus of the mandible to the upper esophageal sphincter. METHOD: 40 normal and healthy subjects had Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Examinations (VFSEs) of 5 ml thin and nectar thick liquids, and puree consistencies. A slow motion and frame by frame analysis was performed. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to examine the main effect and interactions, and paired t-tests for the three consistency comparisons. RESULTS: Older subjects had a significantly longer PTD than younger subjects (p<0.01). In addition, men had significantly shorter PTDs than women (p<0.01). Puree showed a significantly longer PTD than the other two consistencies, regardless of age and gender (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: PTD is an indicative of motor weakness in pharyngeal swallowing secondary to aging. In addition, the results supported the assumption that there is a functional difference in pharyngeal swallowing between men and women. It is expected that the results of this study will be used for further investigation of patients with dysphagia.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Aging , Deglutition , Deglutition Disorders , Mandible , Plant Nectar
20.
Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology ; : 37-40, 2012.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-123767

ABSTRACT

Honey is produced by bees from nectar collected from nearby flowers. Sometimes, honey produced from the Rhododendron species is contaminated by Grayanotoxin (GTX) in Nepal and other countries. There have been reports of GTX intoxication, also known as 'mad honey disease', from honey produced in countries other than Korea. The importation of wild honey has been prohibited by the Korean Food and Drug Administration since 2005, yet it is still distributed within Korea by the occasional tourist. We report a case of GTX intoxication from contaminated honey which included the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, general weakness, dizziness, blurred vision, hypotension and sinus bradycardia. By means of infusion with normal saline and atropine sulfate, the patient's condition fully recovered within 8 hours of hospital admission, and she was discharged without any complications.


Subject(s)
Atropine , Bees , Bradycardia , Dizziness , Flowers , Honey , Hypotension , Korea , Nausea , Nepal , Plant Nectar , Rhododendron , United States Food and Drug Administration , Vision, Ocular , Vomiting
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